|
The Istanbul Metro ((トルコ語:İstanbul Metrosu)) is a rapid transit railway network that serves the city of Istanbul, Turkey. It is operated by ''İstanbul Ulaşım'' (Istanbul Transport), a public enterprise, controlled by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. The oldest section is the metro is M1 line, which opened in 1989; it now includes 70 stations in service,〔 with 30 more under construction. The system currently consists of five lines named M1, M2, M3, M4, and the M6 Mini-Metro. More lines are under construction or planned: M5 (Üsküdar-Çekmeköy/Sancaktepe) will be on the Asian side, while M7 (Mecidiyeköy-Mahmutbey) will be on the European side.〔(Rayli Sistemler ). Ibb.gov.tr. Retrieved on 2013-08-12.〕 == History == The oldest underground urban rail line in Istanbul is the Tünel, which entered service on January 17, 1875.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tunnel )〕 It is the world's second-oldest underground urban rail line after the London Underground which was built in 1863,〔(【引用サイトリンク】A brief history of the Underground - London Underground milestones )〕 and the first underground urban rail line in continental Europe. The first master plan for a full metro network in Istanbul, titled ''Avant Projet d'un Métropolitain à Constantinople'' and conceived by the French engineer L. Guerby, dates to January 10, 1912. The plan comprised a total of 24 stations between the Topkapı and Şişli districts and included a connection through the Golden Horn. Each station would have a 75-metre platform next to the rail line, while the distance between stations varied from 220 to 975 metres. The blueprints of the project, which was never realized, are today displayed at the Istanbul Technical University Museum. In 1936 the French urban planner Henri Prost proposed a metro network between the districts of Taksim and Beyazıt, to the north and south of the Golden Horn, respectively.〔(TMMOB: "İstanbul Ulaştırmasının Dünü, Bugünü" (Güngör Evren) )〕〔(Yıldız Technical University Faculty of Architecture Magazine (Megaron): "İki Fransız mimarı Henri Prost ve August Perret'nin İstanbul ile ilgili çalışmaları" (Işık Aydemir) )〕 In October 1951 the Dutch firm Nedeco proposed a similar route between Taksim and Beyazıt, and in September 1952 the Director of the Paris Transportation Department, Marc Langevin, prepared a 14-chapter report together with his associate Louis Meizzonet for the implementation of the project and its integration with the other means of public transportation in the city. However, these plans never came into effect and all proposals were put on hold until 1987, when the planning for the current Istanbul Metro was made. Construction works for the first 'modern' mass transit railway system started in 1989. The M1 was initially called "Hafif Metro" (which literally translates as "light metro"). Although it was built as a fully grade separated line, the M1 line operates with shorter trainsets and shorter station platforms than is standard on a traditional metro line, hence its "light metro" designation. The M1 line was later extended from Aksaray towards the western suburbs, reaching Atatürk Airport in the southwest in 2002.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Europe > Turkey > ISTANBUL Metro )〕 Construction of the M2, began on September 11, 1992, but faced many challenges due to the numerous archaeological sites that were discovered during the drilling process, which slowed down or fully stopped the construction of many stations especially at south. Taking into account the seismic activity in Istanbul, the entire network was built with the cut-and-cover method to withstand an earthquake of up to 9.0 on the Richter magnitude scale.〔(NTV-MSNBC: "10 soruda İstanbul Metrosu" (17 September 2000) )〕〔(Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: "İstanbul Metrosu: Taksim – 4. Levent" )〕 The first section between Taksim and 4. Levent entered service, after some delays, on September 16, 2000. This line is long and has 6 stations, which all look similar but are in different colours. In 2000, there were 8 Alstom-built 4-car train sets in service, which ran every 5 minutes on average and transported 130,000 passengers daily. On January 30, 2009, the first train sets built by Eurotem entered service. Eurotem will build a total of 92 new wagons for the M2 line.〔 As of January 30, 2009, a total of 34 trainsets, each with 4 cars, were being used on the M2 line.〔 A northern extension from 4. Levent to Maslak was opened on January 30, 2009. On September 2, 2010 the northern (temporary) terminus Darüşşafaka followed.〔(istanbululasim.net )〕 The southern extension of the M2 line from Taksim to Yenikapı, across the Golden Horn via Haliç station on the bridge and underground through the historic peninsula, entered service on 15 February 2014. The Taksim-Yenikapı extension is 5.2 km long, with four stations. The total cost of the extension was $593 million.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Taksim-Yenikapı Metro Hattı )〕 At Yenikapı it will intersect with the extended light metro and the suburban train lines. The trip between the Şişhane station in Beyoğlu and the Haciosman station in Maslak is long and takes 27 minutes; including Şişhane - Taksim (1.65 km, 2 minutes), Taksim - 4. Levent (8.5 km, 12 minutes), and 4. Levent - Haciosman (8.1 km, 12 minutes.)〔(Anasayfa - Raytürk )〕〔http://www.istanbul-ulasim.com.tr/default.asp?page=haberler&category=guncelhaberler&article=539&process=read〕 The total length of the European side of the M2 line will reach when all 16 stations from Hacıosman to Yenikapı will be completed;〔(Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Taksim - 4. Levent metro hattı )〕〔(Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Taksim-Ayazağa-Hacıosman metro hattı )〕〔(Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Taksim-Yenikapı metro hattı )〕 not including the 936 metres long Golden Horn Metro Bridge,〔(Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Golden Horn metro bridge )〕 the 0.6 km long Taksim-Kabataş tunnel connection with the Seabus port,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=FUNİKÜLER SİSTEM Taksim - Kabataş )〕 the 0.6 km long Yenikapı-Aksaray tunnel connection for the M1 line,〔 and the 13.6 km long Marmaray tunnel.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Marmaray Railway Engineering Project, Istanbul, Turkey )〕 On the Asian side, construction is in progress of the remaining portion of the long M4 line from Kadıköy to Kaynarca, yielding a total of 19 stations. It cost € 751 million and was built by the Astaldi / Makyol / Gülermak consortium. The first section opened on August 17, 2012, terminating in Kartal. Construction of the long M5 (Istanbul Metro) line from Üsküdar via Ümraniye to Sancaktepe started in March 2012.〔(İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi ). Ibb.gov.tr. Retrieved on 2013-08-12.〕 The Marmaray tunnel (Bosphorus undersea railway tunnel) connecting the Asian and European metro lines opened on October 29, 2013. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Istanbul Metro」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|